Publikationen von Thomas Breuel

2012

• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Coupled Snakelets for Curled Text-Line Segmentation from Warped Document Images.
  In: International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), Vol. 15, Pages 1-16, Springer, 2012.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Scanning Neural Network for Text Line Recognition.
  In: IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-12), 10th, March 27-29, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, IEEE, 3/2012.
• Adnan Ul Hasan; Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  OCR-Free Table of Contents Detection in Urdu Books.
  In: IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-12), 10th, March 27-29, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, IEEE, 3/2012.
• Muhammed Zeeshan Afzal; Martin Krämer; Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Improvements to Uncalibrated Feature-based Stereo Matching for Document Images by using Text-Line Segmentation.
  In: IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-12), 10th, March 27-29, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, IEEE, 3/2012.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Text-line examination for document forgery detection.
  In: International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), Vol. Online First, Pages 1-19, Springer, 2012.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Dynamic Vocabularies for Web-based Concept Detection by Trend Discovery.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia. ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM-2012), October 29 - November 2, Nara, Japan, ACM, 10/2012.
• Matthias Reif; Faisal Shafait; Markus Goldstein; Thomas Breuel; Andreas Dengel
  Automatic classifier selection for non-experts.
  In: Pattern Analysis and Applications (PAA), Vol. July 2012, Pages 1-14, Springer-Verlag, 7/2012.

2011

• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Improved document image segmentation algorithm using multiresolution morphology.
  In: SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval XVIII. SPIE Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR-11), January 23-27, San Francisco, CA, USA (United States), SPIE, 1/2011.
• Michael P. Cutter; Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Font group identification using reconstructed fonts.
  In: SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval XVIII. SPIE Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR-11), January 23-27, San Francisco, CA, USA (United States), SPIE, 1/2011.
• Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  The Effect of Border Noise on the Performance of Projection Based Page Segmentation Methods.
  In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 4, Pages 846-851, IEEE, 4/2011.
• Adrian Ulges; Marcel Worring; Thomas Breuel
  Learning Visual Contexts for Image Annotation from Flickr Groups.
  In: Sheila S. Hemami (Hrsg.). IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (TransMM), Vol. 13, No. 3, Pages 1-12, IEEE Computer Society, 4/2011.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Lookapp - Interactive Construction of Web-based Concept Detectors.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference Multimedia Retrieval. ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR-2011), April 17-20, Trento, Italy, ACM, 4/2011.
• Janick Frasch; Aleksander Lodwich; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  A Bayes-True Data Generator for Evaluation of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Methods.
  In: Pattern Recognition Letters (PRL), Vol. 32, No. 11, Pages 1523-1531, Elsevier, 8/2011.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Text-Line Extraction using a Convolution of Isotropic Gaussian Filter with a Set of Line Filters.
  In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-2011), 11th, September 18-21, Beijing, China, IEEE, 9/2011.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  High Performance Layout Analysis of Arabic and Urdu Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-2011), September 18 - August 21, Beijing, China, IEEE, 9/2011.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  An evaluation of HMM-based Techniques for the Recognition of Screen Rendered Text.
  In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-2011), 11th, September 18-21, Beijing, China, IEEE, 9/2011.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Automatic Concept-to-Query Mapping for Web-based Concept Detector Training.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia. ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM-2011), November 28 - December 1, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA (United States), ACM, 11/2011.
• Faisal Shafait; Michael P. Cutter; Joost van Beusekom; Syed Saqib Bukhari; Thomas Breuel
  Decapod: A flexible, low cost digitization solution for small and medium archives.
  In: 4th International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-11), 4th, September 22, Beijing, China, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Springer, 9/2011.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Border Noise Removal of Camera-Captured Document Images using Page-Frame Detection.
  In: 4th International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-11), 4th, September 22, Beijing, China, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Springer, 9/2011.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  An Image Based Performance Evaluation Method for Page Dewarping Algorithms using SIFT Features.
  In: 4th International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-11), 4th, September 22, Beijing, China, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Springer, 9/2011.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  The IUPR Dataset of Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: 4th International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-11), 4th, September 22, Beijing, China, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Springer, 9/2011.

2010

• Emanuel Indermühle; Horst Bunke; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Text versus non-Text Distinction in Online Handwritten Documents.
  In: 25th ACM Symposium On Applied Computing, Document Engineering Track. ACM Symposium On Applied Computing (SAC-2010), March 22-26, Sierre, Switzerland, ACM, 3/2010.
• Adrian Ulges; Damian Borth; Thomas Breuel
  Visual Concept Learning from Weakly Labeled Web Videos.
  In: Dan Schonfeld; Caifeng Shan; Dacheng Tao; Liang Wang (Hrsg.). Video Search and Mining. Chapter 8, Page o.A. Springer, 2010.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Relevance Filtering meets Active Learning: Improving Web-based Concept Detectors.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference Multimedia Information Retrieval. ACM International Conference on Multimedia Information Retrieval (MIR-2010), March 29-31, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (United States), ACM, New York, US, 3/2010.
• Jörn Wanke; Adrian Ulges; Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Topic Models for Semantics-preserving Video Compression.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference Multimedia Information Retrieval. ACM International Conference on Multimedia Information Retrieval (MIR-10), March 29-31, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (United States), ACM, New York, US, 2010.
• Joost van Beusekom; Yves Rangoni; Thomas Breuel
  Trainable Multiscript Orientation Detection.
  In: Proc. of SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval XVII Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval XVII. SPIE Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR-10), Document Recognition and Retrieval XVII, January 19-21, San José, CA, USA (United States), Pages 1-8, Vol. 7534, SPIE, 1/2010.
• Joost van Beusekom; Marco Schreyer; Thomas Breuel
  Automatic Counterfeit Protection System Code Classification.
  In: Proceedings of SPIE Media Forensics and Security XII. SPIE Media Forensics and Security (SPIEMFS-2010), January 18-20, San Jose, CA, USA (United States), Pages 1-8, SPIE, 1/2010.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Visual Recognition of Permuted Words.
  In: SPIE Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XV. SPIE Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, January 17-21, San Jose, CA, USA (United States), SPIE Electronic Imaging, 1/2010.
• Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Can Motion Segmentation Improve Patch-based Object Recognition?.
  In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-10), August 23-26, Istanbul, Turkey, IEEE, 2010.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Mayce Al-Azawi; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Document Image Segmentation using Discriminative Learning over Connected Components.
  In: 9th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2010), June 9-11, Boston, MA, USA (United States), ACM, 6/2010.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Performance Evaluation of Curled Textlines Segmentation Algorithms.
  In: 9th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2010), June 9-11, Boston, MA, USA (United States), online only (DAS Workshop Web page), 6/2010.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Connected Component level Multiscript Identifiation from Ancient Document Images.
  In: 9th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2010), June 9-11, Boston, MA, USA (United States), online only (DAS Workshop Web page), 6/2010.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Document Inspection Using Text-Line Alignment.
  In: 9th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2010), June 9-11, Boston, MA, USA (United States), ACM, 6/2010.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Adapting Web-based Video Concept Detectors for Different Target Domains.
  In: Xian-Sheng Hua; Marcel Worring; Tat-Seng Chua (Hrsg.). Internet Multimedia Search and Mining. Chapter 6, Bentham Science Publishers, 2010.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Combined Orientation and Skew Detection Using Geometric Text-Line Modeling.
  In: International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, Vol. 13, No. 2, Pages 79-92, Springer, 2010.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Discriminative Learning for Script Recognition.
  In: International Conference on Image Processing. International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP-10), September 26-29, Hong Kong, China, IEEE, 9/2010.
• Michael P. Cutter; Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Unsupervised Font Reconstruction Based on Token Co-occurrence.
  In: ACM Symposium on Document Engineering. ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng-10), September 21-24, Manchester, United Kingdom, ACM, 9/2010.
• Faisal Shafait; Matthias Reif; Christian Kofler; Thomas Breuel
  Pattern Recognition Engineering.
  In: RapidMiner Community Meeting and Conference. RapidMiner Community Meeting and Conference (RCOMM-10), September 13-16, Dortmund, Germany, Online, 9/2010.
• Thomas Breuel; Faisal Shafait
  AutoMLP: Simple, Effective, Fully Automated Learning Rate and Size Adjustment.
  In: The Learning Workshop. The Learning Workshop, March 6 - April 9, Cliff Lodge, Snowbird, Utah, USA (United States), Online, 4/2010.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Markus Koch; Thomas Breuel
  DFKI and University of Kaiserslautern Participation at TRECVID 2010 - Semantic Indexing Task.
  In: Proceedings of the TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation Workshop 2010. TRECVID Workshop (Trecvid-2010), TREC Workshop 2010 on Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID-2010), NIST, 11/2010.
• Joost van Beusekom; Marco Schreyer; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Dokumentsicherheit in Digitalisierungssystemen.
  In: Bernadette Grunder; Elisabeth Hoffmann (Hrsg.). Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftvergleichung, Vol. 3+4, Pages 104-138, Schmidt Röhmhild, Lübeck, 2010.

2009

• Markus Goldstein; Matthias Reif; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  Server-side Prediction of Source IP Addresses using Density Estimation.
  In: Availability, Reliability and Security, 2009. ARES 09. Fourth International Conference on. International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES-2009), ARES - The International Dependability Conference, March 16-19, Fukuoka, Japan, Pages 82-89, ISBN 978-0-7695-3564-7, IEEE Computer Society Press, 3/2009.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel
  Video Copy Detection providing Localized Matches.
  In: GI-Informatiktage 2009. GI-Informatiktage (Informatik-2009), March 19-20, Bonn, Germany, Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. 2/2009.
• Damian Borth; Jörn Hees; Markus Koch; Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel; Roberto Paredes
  TubeFiler - an Automatic Web Video Categorizer.
  In: ACM (Hrsg.). ACM Mutimedia. ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM-09), October 19-24, Beijing, China, ACM, 10/2009.
• M. Duan; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel; X.-Q. Wu
  Style Modeling for Tagging Personal Photo Collections.
  In: Proceedingsof the International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval. ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR-09), July 8-10, Santorini, Greece, ACM, New York, US, 7/2009.
• Christian Jansohn; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Detecting Pornographic Video Content by Combining Image Features with Motion Information.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia. ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM-09), October 19-23, Bejing, China, ACM, 10/2009.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Automatic Line Orientation Measurment for Questioned Document Examination.
  In: Zeno J. M. H. Geradts; Katrin Franke; Cor J. Veenman (Hrsg.). Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Computational Forensics. International Workshop on Computational Forensics (IWCF-09), 3rd, August 13-14, Den Haag, Netherlands, Pages 165-173, ISBN 978-3-642-03520-3, Springer, 2009.
• Yves Rangoni; Joost van Beusekom; Thomas Breuel
  Language independent thresholding optimization using a Gaussian mixture modelling of the character shapes.
  In: MOCR '09: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multilingual OCR. International Workshop on Performance Evaluation Issues in MultiLingual OCR (MOCR-09), July 25, Barcelona, Spain, Pages 1-9, ISBN 978-1-60558-698-4, ACM, 2009.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Resolution Independent Skew and Orientation Detection for Document Images.
  In: Kathrin Berkner; Lawrence Likforman-Sulem (Hrsg.). Document Recognition and Retrieval XVI. Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR-2009), January 21, San Jose, CA, USA (United States), Vol. 7247, SPIE Electronic Imaging, 1/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Dewarping of Document Images using Coupled-Snakes.
  In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-09), located at ICDAR 2009, July 25, Barcelona, Spain, Online, 7/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Foreground-Background Regions Guided Binarization of Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Camera Based Document Analysis and Recognition. International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-09), located at ICDAr 2009, June 25, Barcelona, Spain, Online, 7/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Textline Information Extraction from Grayscale Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP-09), November 7-10, Kairo, Egypt, IEEE, 11/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Coupled Snakelet Model for Curled Textline Segmentation of Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-09), July 26-29, Barcelona, Spain, IEEE, 7/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Script-Independent Handwritten Textlines Segmentation using Active Contours.
  In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-09), July 26-29, Barcelona, Spain, IEEE, 7/2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Ridges based Curled Textline Region Detection from Grayscale Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns. International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (CAIP-2009), September 2-4, Münster, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 9/2009.
• Yves Rangoni; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  OCR Based Thresholding.
  In: Proceedings of the 11th IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications. IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications (MVA-2009), May 20-22, Yokohama, Japan, ISBN 978-4-901122-09-2, Springer-Verlag, 5/2009.
• Yves Rangoni; Faisal Shafait; Joost van Beusekom; Thomas Breuel
  Recognition Driven Page Orientation Detection.
  In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP-2009), November 7-10, Cairo, Egypt, IEEE, 11/2009.
• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Response to 'Projection Methods Require Black Border Removal'.
  In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pages 763-764, IEEE, 4/2009.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Thomas Breuel
  A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Finding the Modes in Kernel Density Estimates.
  In: International Journal Computational Intelligence and Applications (IJCIA), Vol. 8, No. 1, Pages 17-35, World Scientific, 3/2009.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Yoo-Jin Kim; Thomas Breuel
  Spatial Statistics for Tumor Cell Counting and Classification.
  In: Joachim Denzler; Gunther Notni; Herbert Süße (Hrsg.). Pattern Recognition: 31st DAGM Symposium. Annual Symposium of the German Association for Pattern Recognition (DAGM-09), September 9-11, Jena, Germany, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 5748, ISBN 978-3642037979, Springer-Verlag GmbH, 9/2009.
• Sheikh Faisal Rashid; Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  A Discriminative Learning Approach for Orientation Detection of Urdu Document Images.
  In: 13th IEEE International Multi-topic Conference. IEEE International Multi-topic Conference (INMIC-09), December 14-15, Islamabad, Pakistan, IEEE, 12/2009.
• Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  A Simple and Effective Approach for Border Noise Removal from Document Images.
  In: 13th IEEE International Multi-topic Conference. IEEE International Multi-topic Conference (INMIC-09), December 14-15, Islamabad, Pakistan, IEEE, 12/2009.
• Damian Borth; Markus Koch; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  DFKI-IUPR participation in TRECVID'09 High-level Feature Extraction Task.
  TREC Workshop 2009 on Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID-2009), 11/2009.
• Roberto Paredes; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Fast Discriminative Linear Models for Scalable Video Tagging.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications. International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA-09), December 13-15, Miami, Florida, USA (United States), IEEE, 12/2009.
• Adrian Ulges; Markus Koch; Damian Borth; Thomas Breuel
  TubeTagger -­ YouTube-based Concept Detection.
  In: Proceddings of the International Workshop on Internet Multimedia Mining. International Workshop on Internet Multimedia Mining (IMM-09), located at IEEE ICDM 2009, December 6, Miami, FL, USA (United States), IEEE Computer Society, 12/2009.
• Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Markus Koch; Thomas Breuel
  Learning Automatic Concept Detectors from Online Video.
  In: Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol. (online pre-print), Page o.A. Elsevier, 2009.
• Thomas Strecker; Joost van Beusekom; Sahin Albayrak; Thomas Breuel
  Automated Ground Truth Data Generation for Newspaper Document Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-09), July 26-29, Barcelona, Spain, IEEE, 2009.
• Christian Schulze; Marco Schreyer; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  Using DCT Features for Printing Technique and Copy Detection.
  In: Gilbert Peterson; Sujeet Shenoi (Hrsg.). Advances in Digital Forensics V. Pages 95-106, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Vol. 306, ISBN 978-3-642-04154-9, Springer, Boston, 2009.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Adaptive Binarization of Unconstrained Hand-Held Camera-Captured Document Images.
  In: Journal of Universal Computer Science (JUCS), Vol. 15, No. 18, Pages 3343-3363, Springer, 12/2009.

2008

• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Efficient Implementation of Local Adaptive Thresholding Techniques Using Integral Images.
  In: Proceedings of the 15th Document Recognition and Retrieval Conference (DRR-2008), Part of the IS&T/SPIE International Symposium on Electronic Imaging, January 26-31, San Jose, CA, USA. Vol. 6815, SPIE, 1/2008.
• Markus Goldstein; Christoph Lampert; Matthias Reif; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  Bayes Optimal DDoS Mitigation by Adaptive History-Based IP Filtering.
  In: Seventh International Conference on Networking. Seventh International Conference on Networking (ICN-2008), April 13-19, Cancun, Mexico, Pages 174-179, IEEE Computer Society, 4/2008.
• Ulrich Schäfer; Hans Uszkoreit; Christian Federmann; Torsten Marek; Yajing Zhang
  Extracting and Querying Relations in Scientific Papers.
  In: Andreas Dengel; K. Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). Proceedings of the 31st Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-2008), 31st Annual German Conference on AI, September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 127-134, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), No. 5243, ISBN 9783540858447, Springer, Heidelberg, 2008.
• Kathrin Eichler; Holmer Hemsen; Markus Löckelt; Günter Neumann; Norbert Reithinger
  Interactive Dynamic Information Extraction.
  In: Andreas Dengel; K. Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). KI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-2008), 31st Annual German Conference on AI, September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 54-61, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, Springer Verlag, 2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  A System that Learns to Tag Videos by Watching Youtube.
  In: Int. Conf. on Vision Systems (ICVS). 6th International Conference on Computer Vision Systems (ICVS-2008), May 12-15, Santorini, Greece, Pages 415-424, Springer, 5/2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  A Local Discriminative Model for Background Subtraction.
  In: 30th Annual DAGM Symposium. Annual Symposium of the German Association for Pattern Recognition (DAGM-2008), June 10-13, Munich, Germany, Pages 507-516, Springer, 6/2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Identifying Relevant Frames in Weakly Labeled Videos for Training Concept Detectors.
  In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval. ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR-2008), July 7-9, Niagara Falls, Canada, Pages 9-16, ISBN 978-1-60558-070-8, ACM, 7/2008.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel
  Keyframe Extraction for Video Tagging and Summarization.
  In: Gesellschaft für Informatik (Hrsg.). Informatiktage 2008. Informatiktage 2008, Fachwissenschaftlicher Informatik-Kongress, March 14-15, Bonn, Germany, Pages 45-48, LNI, Vol. S-6, GI, 3/2008.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Document Signature Using Intrinsic Features for Counterfeit Detection.
  In: S.N. Srihari; K. Franke (Hrsg.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Computational Forensics. 2nd International Workshop on Computational Forensics (IWCF-08), August 7-8, Washington, DC, USA (United States), Pages 47-57, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 5138, ISBN 978-3-540-85302-2, Springer, 8/2008.
• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking of Six-Page Segmentation Algorithms.
  In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI), Vol. 30, No. 6, Pages 941-954, o.A. 6/2008.
• Thomas Breuel
  The OCRopus Open Source OCR System.
  In: B.A. Yanikoglou; K. Berkner (Hrsg.). Proceedingsof the Document and Retrival XV, IS&T/SPIE 20th Annual Symposium 2008. DRR-2008, January 16-31, San Jose, CA, USA (United States), Vol. 6815, SPIE, 2008.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Thomas Breuel
  A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Finding the Modes in Kernel Density Estimates.
  In: Int. J. Computational Intelligence and Applications, 2008.
• Thomas Breuel
  Binary Morphology and Related Operations on Run-Length Representations.
  In: Proceedings VISAPP 2008. 3rd International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP-08), located at VISIGRAPP - The International Joint Conference on Computer Vision and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, January 22-25, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, o.A. 2008.
• Damian Borth; Christian Schulze; Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Navidgator - Similarity Based Browsing for Image & Video Databases.
  In: Andreas Dengel; K. Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). KI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-2008), 31st, September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 22-30, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, Springer, 2008.
• Marc Schröder; Patrick Gebhard; Marcela Charfuelan; Christoph Endres; Michael Kipp; Sathish Chandra Pammi; Martin Rumpler; Oytun Türk
  Enhancing Animated Agents in an Instrumented Poker Game.
  In: Andreas Dengel; K. Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). KI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI), September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 316-323, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, Springer, 2008.
• Lutz Schröder; Dirk Pattinson
  Shallow models for non-iterative modal logics.
  In: Andreas Dengel; Karsten Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). Proc. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI 2008). German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-2008), 31st Annual German Conference on AI, September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 324-331, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, Springer, 2008.
• Benjamin Adrian; Andreas Dengel
  Believing Finite-State cascades in Knowledge-based Information Extraction.
  In: Andreas Dengel; Karsten Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). KI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI), Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 152-159, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 5243, ISBN 978-3-540-85844-7, Springer, 2008.
• Matthias Reif; Markus Goldstein; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  Anomaly Detection by Combining Decision Trees and Parametric Densities.
  In: Pattern Recognition, 2008. ICPR 2008. 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-2008), December 8-11, Tampa, FL, USA (United States), IEEE, 12/2008.
• Markus Goldstein; Matthias Reif; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  High Performance Traffic Shaping for DDoS Mitigation.
  In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM CoNEXT conference. 4th ACM International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies (CoNEXT-2008), December 9-12, Madrid, Spain, ISBN 978-1-60558-264-1, ACM, 12/2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel
  Multiple Instance Learning on Weakly Labeled Videos.
  In: Workshop on Cross-Media Information Analysis, Extraction and Management. Workshop on Cross-Media Information Analysis, Extraction and Management, located at SAMT 2008, December 3, Koblenz, Germany, SAMT Workshop on Cross-Media Information Analysis and Retrieval, Springer, 12/2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Markus Koch; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel
  Learning TRECVID'08 High-level Features from YouTube.
  TREC Workshop 2008 on Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID-2008), NIST, 11/2008.
• Jakob Schwendner
  Homography Based State Estimation for Aerial Robots.
  In: Andreas Dengel; Karsten Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.). Proceedings of the 31st Annual German conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence. German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-08), 31st, September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 332-339, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, Springer-Verlag, 2008.
• Syed Saqib Bukhari; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Segmentation of Curled Textlines using Active Contours.
  In: Proceedings of Eight IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-08), September 16-19, Nara, Japan, ISBN 978-0-7695-3337-7, IEEE, 2008.
• Damian Borth; Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Thomas Breuel
  Keyframe Extraktion für Video-Annotation und Video-Zusammenfassung.
  In: Informatik-Spektrum, Vol. 32, No. 1(2009), Pages 50-54, Springer, 3/2008.
• Andreas Dengel; K. Berns; Thomas Breuel; Frank Bomarius; Thomas Roth-Berghofer (Hrsg.)
  Advances in Artificial Intelligence. 31st Annual German Conference on AI.
  German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-2008), September 23-26, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), Vol. 5243, ISBN 978-3-540-85844-7, Springer, 2008.
• Adrian Ulges; Thomas Breuel
  Segmentation by Combining Optical Flow with a Color Model.
  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), December 8-11, Tampa, Florida, USA (United States), IEEE Computer Society, 12/2008.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Automated OCR Ground Truth Generation.
  In: Proceedings of the 8th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2008), September 16-19, Nara, Japan, IEEE, 9/2008.
• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  GREC 2007 Arc Segmentation Contest: Evaluation of Four Participating Algorithms.
  In: Graphics Recognition: Recent Advances and New Opportunities (GREC 2007 post-proceedings). IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition (GREC-2007), 7th, September 20-21, Curitiba, Brazil, Springer-Verlag, 2008.
• Faisal Shafait; Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Document cleanup using page frame detection.
  In: International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, Vol. 11, No. 2, Pages 81-96, Springer-Verlag, 11/2008.
• Faisal Shafait; Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Background Variability Modeling for Statistical Layout Analysis.
  In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-2008), December 8-11, Tampa, Florida, USA (United States), IEEE, 2008.
• Faisal Shafait; Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Structural Mixtures for Statistical Layout Analysis.
  In: Proceedings of the 8th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS-2008), September 16-19, Nara, Japan, IEEE, 2008.
• Christian Schulze; Marco Schreyer; Armin Stahl; Thomas Breuel
  Evaluation of Graylevel-Features for Printing Technique Classification in High-Throughput Document Management Systems.
  In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Forensics. International Workshop on Computational Forensics (IWCF-08), August 7-8, Washington, DC, USA (United States), Pages 35-46, ISBN 978-3-540-85302-2, Springer, 2008.
• Marius Renn; Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Automatic Image Tagging using Community-Driven Online Image Databases.
  In: Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Adaptive Multimedia Retrieval. International Workshop on Adaptive Multimedia Retrieval (AMR-2008), June 26-27, Berlin, Germany, o.A. 2008.

2007

• Daniel Keysers; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Document Image Zone Classification - A Simple High-Performance Approach.
  In: Proceedings VISAPP 2007. Pages 44-51, -, 2007.
• Faisal Shafait; Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Page Frame Detection for Marginal Noise Removal from Scanned Documents.
  In: Proceedings of 15th SCIA 2007. Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis (SCIA-2007), June 10-14, Aalborg, Denmark, Pages 651-660, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 4522 / 2007, Springer, 6/2007.
• Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Document Image Dewarping Contest.
  In: K. Kise; D.S. Doerrmann (Hrsg.). 2nd Int. Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-2007), September 22, Curitiba, Brazil. Pages 181-188, Online-Proceedings, 9/2007.
• Joost van Beusekom; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Image-Matching for Revision Detection in Printed Historical Documents.
  In: Pattern Recognition. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium of the German Association for Pattern Recognition (DAGM-2007). Pages 507-516, LNCS, Vol. 4713, Springer, 9/2007.
• Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Example-Based Logical Labeling of Document Title Page Images.
  In: 9th Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-200/). Pages 919-923, Vol. 2, IEEE, 9/2007.
• Daniel Keysers; Marius Renn; Thomas Breuel
  Improving Accessibility of HTML Documents by Generating Image-Tags in a Proxy.
  In: Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS-2007), October 15-17, Tempe, AZ, USA. Pages 249-250, ACM, 10/2007.
• Christian Kofler; Daniel Keysers; A. Koetsier; J. Laagland; Thomas Breuel
  Gestural Interaction for an Automatic Document Capture System.
  In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR-2007) at (ICDAR-2007), September 22, Curitiba, Brasilien. Pages 161-167, Online-Proceedings, 2007.
• Martin Krämer; Hagen Kaprykowsky; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Bibliographic Meta-Data Extraction Using Probabilistic Finite State Transducers.
  In: Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-2007), September 23-26, Curitiba, Brazil. Pages 609-613, Vol. 2, IEEE, 9/2007.
• Adrian Ulges; Christoph Lampert; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Optimal Dominant Motion Estimation using Adaptive Search of Transformation Space.
  In: Pattern Recognition, 29th Annual DAGM Symposium. Annual Symposium of the German Association for Pattern Recognition (DAGM-07), September 12-14, Heidelberg, Germany, Pages 204-213, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 4713, ISBN 978-3-540-74933-2, Springer, 9/2007.
• Adrian Ulges; Christian Schulze; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Content-Based Video Tagging for Online Video Portals.
  9/2007.
• Thomas Breuel
  The hOCR Microformat for OCR Workflow and Results.
  In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR-07), September 23-26, Curitiba, Brazil, Pages 1063-1067, Vol. 2, ISBN 1520-5363 , 0-7695-2822-8, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 2007.
• Daniel Keysers; Thomas Deselaers; Thomas Breuel
  Optimal Geometric Matching for Patch-Based Object Detection.
  In: Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis (ELCVIA), Vol. 6, No. 1, Pages 44-54, CVC Press, 2007.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Thomas Breuel
  Global Modes in Kernel Density Estimation: RAST Clustering.
  In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems. International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS-2007), 7th, September 17-19, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Pages 314-319, IEEE Computer Society, 2007.
• Younis Hijazi; Thomas Breuel
  Computing Arrangements using Subdivision and Interval Arithmetic.
  In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Curves and Surfaces. International Conference on Curves and Surfaces, 6th, June 29 - July 5, Avignon, France, Computer Aided Geometric Design, Elsevier, 2007.
• Thomas Breuel
  Testing and Benchmarking Large-Scale Machine Learning Systems.
  In: Proceedings of the Snowbird Learning Workshop 2007. Snowbird Workshop on Learning, March 19-22, Puerto Rico, USA (United States), Snowbird, 2007.

2006

• Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Objective Quality Measurement for Geometric Document Image Restoration (extended abstract).
  In: 7th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS). IAPR, 2006.
• Daniel Keysers; Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Color Image Dequantization by Constrained Diffusion.
  In: SPIE Electronic Imaging 2006. San Jose, Pages 03.01-03.10, Vol. 6058, SPIE, CA, 1/2006.
• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Performance Comparison of Six Algorithms for Page Segmentation.
  In: Horst Bunke; A. Lawrence Spitz (Hrsg.). 7th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS). Nelson, Pages 368-379, LNCS, Vol. 3872, Springer, 2/2006.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Thomas Breuel; Wolfgang Feiden; Yoo-Jin Kim
  Automated Feature Selection for the Classification of Meningioma Cell Nuclei.
  In: Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin. Pages 76-80, Informatik aktuell, Springer, 2006.
• Joost van Beusekom; Daniel Keysers; Faisal Shafait; Thomas Breuel
  Distance Measures for Layout-Based Document Image Retrieval.
  In: International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL 2006). International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL-06), Lyon, France, Pages 232-242, IEEE, 4/2006.
• Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Optimal Line and Arc Detection on Run-Length Representations.
  In: Sixth International IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition (GREC). International IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition (GREC) (GREC-2005), Pages 369-380, LNCS, Vol. 3926, Springer, 2006.
• Thomas Breuel; Daniel Keysers
  Round-trip HTML Rendering and Analysis for Testing, Indexing, and Security.
  In: 7th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS). Nelson, DAS 2006, DAS-IAPR, 2/2006.
• Faisal Shafait; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Pixel-Accurate Representation and Evaluation of Page Segmentation in Document Images.
  In: ICPR 2006, International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Hong Kong, IEEE Computer Society, 8/2006.
• Faisal Shafait; Adnan-ul-Hasan; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Layout Analysis of Urdu Document Images.
  In: 10th IEEE International Multi-topic Conference (INMIC 2006). IEEE Computer Society, 12/2006.
• Adrian Ulges; Christoph Lampert; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Spatiogram-based Shot Distances for Video Retrieval.
  11/2006.
• Haider Ali; Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Satellite Tracks Removal in Astronomical Images.
  In: Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications, 11th Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition, CIARP 2006. Pages 892-901, Vol. LNCS, Springer, 2006.
• Christoph Lampert; Lin Mei; Thomas Breuel
  Printing Technique Classification for Document Counterfeit Detection.
  In: Proceedings 2006 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security. International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS-06), November 3-6, Ghuangzhou, China, ISBN 9781424406043, IEEE Computer Society, 2006.

2005

• Adrian Ulges; Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Document Image Dewarping using Robust Estimation of Curled Text Lines.
  In: International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). Seoul, Pages 1001-1005, IEEE, 8/2005.
• Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Optimal Line and Arc Detection on Run-Length Representations.
  In: GREC 2005 - Sixth IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition. Hong Kong, Pages 17-23, Conference Proceedings, 8/2005.
• Thomas Breuel
  Approximate vs. Representative Nearest Neighbors.
  In: Snowbird Learning Workshop. Snowbird, Conference Proceedings, 2005.
• Thomas Breuel
  The Future of Document Imaging in the Era of Electronic Documents.
  In: International Workshop on Document Analysis. Kolkata, Conference Proceedings, 2005.
• Oliver Wirjadi; Thomas Breuel
  Approximate Separable 3D Anisotropic Gauss Filter.
  In: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2005). Genova, Pages 149-152, Vol. II, IEEE, 9/2005.
• Christoph Lampert; Tim Braun; Adrian Ulges; Daniel Keysers; Thomas Breuel
  Oblivious Document Capture and Real-Time Retrieval.
  In: International Workshop on Camera Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR). Seoul, Pages 79-86, IEEE, 8/2005.

2004

• Adrian Ulges; Christoph Lampert; Thomas Breuel
  Document Capture using Stereo Vision.
  In: ACM Symposium on Document Engineering. Milwaukee, Pages 198-200, ACM, 10/2004.

2003

• Thomas Breuel
  Implementation Techniques for Geometric Branch-and-Bound Matching Methods.
  In: Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Accepted for publication in it Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol. 90, No. 3, Pages 258-294, Elsevier, 6/2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  Character Recognition by Adaptive Statistical Similarity.
  In: International Conference for Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). IEEE Computer Society, 2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  An Algorithm for Finding Maximal Whitespace Rectangles at Arbitrary Orientations for Document Layout Analysis.
  In: International Conference for Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). Edinburgh, IEEE Computer Society, 8/2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  On the Use of Interval Arithmetic in Geometric Branch-and-Bound Algorithms.
  In: Pattern Recognition Letters, Accepted for publication in it Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 24, No. 9-10, Pages 1375-1384, Elsevier, 6/2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  High Performance Document Layout Analysis.
  In: Symposium on Document Image Understanding Technology, Greenbelt, Maryland. University of Maryland, 2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  Bayesian Similarity (Extended Abstract).
  In: Proceedings of the 2003 Snowbird Workshop on Learning. ?, 2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  Reflowable Document Images for the Web.
  In: Web Document Analysis 2003. International Workshop on Web Document Analysis (WDA-2003), located at ICDAR 2003, August 3, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, o.A. 2003.
• Thomas Breuel
  Information Extraction from HTML Documents by Structural Matching.
  In: Second International Workshop on Web Document Analysis. International Workshop on Web Document Analysis (WDA-2003), located at ICDAR 2003, August 3, Edinburgh, o.A. 2003.