MATE Deliverable D1.1
Supported Coding Schemes
Traum's Coding Scheme
(Université de Genève,
Switzerland)
Coding book:
sls-ftp.Lcs.mit.edu/pub/multiparty/coding_schemes/traum
Author: David Traum
Title: Coding Schemes for Spoken
Dialogue Structure
Number of annotators:
2 for the inter-turn coherence
coding
1 (the author) for the grounding
coding
Number of annotated dialogues:
26 from the TRAINS-93 corpus for the inter-turn coherence coding. (English)
10 from the TRAINS-91 corpus for the grounding coding. (English)
Evaluation of scheme:
Done but no results published.
Underlying task:
The scheme is designed for application
to any kind of dialogue; actual application is for task-oriented dialogues.
List of phenomena annotated:
-
e Explicit Acknowledgment
-
0 related to the most recent utterance by the previous speaker
-
1 related to the utterance one previous to the most recent but not related
to the most recent
-
2 related to utterance two previous to the last one (and not to anything
more recent)
-
etc. higher numbers for related utterances further back
-
, related to previous material by the other speaker,
but it is unclear to the coder whether they are related to the immediately
previous utterance unit or to an utterance further back.
-
u Unrelated to previous speech by the old speaker
-
? Uncertain whether these utterances relate to previous
speech by the other speaker
-
u-e Unrelated following an explicit acknowledgement
-
1-e Related to the penultimate utterance unit by the other speaker, when
last utterance contained just an explicit acknowledgement
-
Initiate: begins a new DU (Discourse Unit), content
separate from previous uncompleted DUs
-
Continue: continuation of previous material by the same speaker
-
Acknowledge: demonstrates or claims understanding of previous material
by other speaker
-
Repair: correct (potential) misunderstanding of DU content
-
Request Repair: signal of lack of understanding
-
Request Ack: signal for other to acknowledge
-
Cancel: top work on DU, leaving it ungrounded and ungroundable
-
INFORM: The speaker provides new information (including providing requested
information when answering a question)
-
YNQ: The speaker asks a yes-no question, trying to determine the polarity
of a proposition
-
CHECK: The speaker is attempting to verify that a certain (suspected) proposition
is true
-
WHQ: The speaker asks a wh-question, trying to determine the value of some
term in a proposition
-
SUGGEST: The speaker proposes a new item (action, proposition, plan constraint)
-
REQUEST: The speaker aims to get the hearer to perform some action
-
ACCEPT: The speaker agrees to a prior proposal by the hearer
-
REJECT: The speaker rejects a prior proposal by the hearer
-
SUPP-INF: The speaker provides additional information (perhaps already
known) that augments, or help the hearer interpret some other accompanying
speech act. this is usually performed by a subordinate clause or appositive
phrase.
-
SUPP-SUG: The speaker makes a supplementary suggestion of content, which
is presupposed to be part of the plan by other accompanying suggestion
or request. This is often performed by a purpose clause.
-
EVAL: The speaker provides an evaluation of some item. This includes
both factual evaluations, (e.g. of the likelihood of success of an action),
and personal evaluations, describing how the speaker
feels about something
-
GREET: The speaker seeks to establish connection, e.g. by saying "hello",
or naming the hearer at the beginning of a dialogue.
-
APOLOGIZE: The speaker apologizes for some action (e.g., speaking out of
turn) or mistaken interpretation.
-
(: so act1 act2): act1 is relevant to the interpretation of act2.
If act2 is an informational act, then the truth of its content should be
partially supported by act1. If act2 is a suggestion, then the suggestion
should be about (a part of) the plan dominated by act1.
-
(: and act1 act2): the interpretation of act2 is connected to act1
in some way to form a coherent whole. If act2 is a suggestion, then it
should be part of the same plan as act1.
-
(: and-then act1 act2): the interpretation of act2 is connected to act1
in some way to form a coherent whole. If act2 is a suggestion, then it
should be part of the same plan as act1. In addition, act2 should temporally
follow act1.
-
(: purpose act form): act is to be done for the purpose of achieving form
-
(: background act1 act2): act1 is performed for the purpose of making act2
more clear to the hearer.
Examples:
u: so we have to start in Avon
s: okay
u: how long does it take to bring engine one to Dansville
s: three hours
u: okay <sil and then <sil back to Avon to get the bananas
s: three more hours si(x) - six in all
u: how long does it take to load the bananas
UU# |
Speaker |
Utterance |
grounding
act label |
31.9 |
M |
it would
get there at 3, |
|
31.10 |
|
is that
what you're saying? |
repair |
32.1 |
S |
it would
get there at 4. |
|
33.1 |
M |
it would
get there at 4. |
|
Mark-up language:
N.B.'s mark-up language. This
is not fully compliant with SGML, but a program is distributed with Nb
that converts Nb-annotated files into standard SGML files.
Existence of annotation tools:
N.b. Tcl/Tk interface by G.
Flammia.
Usability:
TRAINS-93 system
Contact person:
David Traum (traum@cs.umd.edu)
Last Modification: 27.8.1998 by Marion
Klein